The utilitarianism theory holds that an action is moral if...

The utilitarianism theory holds that an action is moral if it produces the greatest amount of good for the largest amount of people that are affected by the consequences of the action DeGeorge 44). Jeremy Bentham believed that one should measure the intensity, duration, certainty, remoteness, or purity and their opposites when evaluating for each person that is affected (DeGeorge 46). For example, a consequence that gives a more desirable quality like pleasure would be favored, just like if one would receive a good immediately rather than at a later time, the sooner would be favored. To know whether the action produces the absolute greatest good, one must compare it with alternative actions as well. To determine whether an action is moral†¦show more content†¦There are complications when using the utilitarianism theory. One is the difficulty in comparing consequences that are very different from each other. Unlike a business calculation, where everything is seen in dollars and cents, evaluating actions from a moral view is not as easy. To solve this problem, there are three different approaches. Hedonistic utilitarianism is the belief that human values can be seen as either pleasure or pain. Eudaimonistic utilitarianism uses happiness as the basic value in terms of the calculation. Lastly, ideal utilitarianism maintains that all valuable goods like friendship and knowledge must be calculated as well. Since there are only small differences in these approaches, most utilitarian calculations will come out the same (DeGeorge 45). An advantage to utilitarianism is that it is universal. All people are equal and each individual’s good is just as important as another individual’s good so the moral calculation can be made from an impersonal point of view. Even though pleasure or happiness is experienced subjectively, they are weighed objectively (DeGeorge 46). There are a number of objections and arguments against utilitarianism. One of them is the accusation that utilitarianism is ungodly since it does not use God as the basis for moral judgments. However, one could argue that God would want what isShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism Vs. Utilitarianism Theory909 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of philosophy Utilitarianism has been viewed as one of the best of the moral theories. It has become one the most powerful, influential, and most persuasive approach to normative ethics. The utilitarianism theory also has had a major impacts on approaches to economic, political, and social policy. The utilitarianism theory had originally had been created by Jeremy Bentham. His version of was that aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. However, this was laterRead MoreDifference Between Utilitarianism And Nietzsche934 Words   |  4 PagesOne Philosophy Utilitarianism  and Nietzsche Utilitarianism is the actions that things are right by what makes others the happiest. Utilitarianism and Nietzsche theories are very important to know because they show us ways that our society conducts in. Knowing these theories can help us understand or even question the way we believe. The theory is Utilitarianism is an ethical theory of right and wrong and it solely relies on outcomes. Some criticisms of act-utilitarianism are slavery and theRead MoreUtilitarianism And Its Flaws Of John Stuart Mill s Defends Utilitarianism Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 2016 Utilitarianism and its Flaws John Stuart Mill’s defends utilitarianism, an ethical theory according to which, as he puts it, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (155 Ethics). In other words, actions are morally right if they make us happy and actions are morally wrong if they make us unhappy. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory in which an action is morally right if it increases the amount of pleasureRead MoreCompare and Contrast: Ethics and Virtue Theory802 Words   |  3 Pagesand virtue have been a very contentious issue facing society for centuries. Many argue over the merits of various theories, each with its own philosophies and assumptions. It is this argument that has given rise to many popular and followed theories of ethics and virtues. The theories discussed primarily in this document include the virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological theory. Each is very distinct to the others in rega rds to its principles and assumptions regarding human behavior. EachRead MoreAn Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremey Bentham.1026 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Utilitarianism? I believe that utilitarianism is the theory in which actions are right if they produce happiness and wrong if they don’t produce happiness. Happiness is what every human being look forward to. When making a decision, all possible outcomes must be ensured that it will lead to happiness. Utilitarianism is based on the principle of utility .Utility is the ability to be useful while satisfying needs. Utilitarianism is generally considered a moral theory that was found by JeremeyRead MoreUtilitarians Ethic and Politics: What is the Purpose of Human Life?1655 Words   |  7 Pageswhile doing a barbecue in the park? Utilitarian ethic and philosophy can answer to Wonder Womans struggle. But first lets see what Utilitarianism is. -Utilitarianism The Utilitarianism is the theory which fund the morality on the utility, and affirms that the true utilitity for and individual cant not always get along with the general utility. The utilitarianism fixes as a starting point the thought which recognize that one of the condition of human nature is to think firstly about his own interests:Read MoreEssay about Utilitarianism785 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism What is Utilitarianism? Utilitarianism is a philosophical concept that holds an action to be held right if it tends to promote happiness for the greatest number of people. Utilitarians define the morally right actions as those actions that maximize some non-moral good or happiness and minimize some non-moral evil. Pleasure is an example of a non-moral good and pain is an example of a non- moral evil. A utilitarian will fous on the consequences of an act rather than on the intristicRead MoreVoluntary Euthanasia Or Assisted Suicide983 Words   |  4 PagesA topic that has been around for a while is voluntary euthanasia or assisted suicide. Our book states that â€Å"a person who is virtually certain to die within a given amount of time and is experiencing or will experience a lot of pain before he or she dies should be able to choose an earlier, les painful death (Mosser, 2013). There are reasons that arise or illnesses that occur that should be reason enough for a person to cho ose if they want to continue to suffer through the illness or the painRead MoreUtilitarianism : A Look At J.s1731 Words   |  7 PagesCanzanella PHL-202 2/7/15 Utilitarianism: A Look at J.S. Mill John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher in the 19th century whose views continue to change the world today. He was a proponent of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is based on consequentialism and happiness. So in order to understand utilitarianism we must first understand what consequentialism is, and then understand how happiness is related. Consequentialism is a philosophical view in which morality means to produce the right kind of consequencesRead MoreEthics Vs. Kantian Ethics1249 Words   |  5 Pagesmaking. Two prominent ethical theories that arose were utilitarianism and deontological ethics. Both ethical theories developed to establish and justify a set of different moral rules and principles. Utilitarianism, otherwise known as consequentialism, is an ethical theory that sees the best moral decision is one that maximizes utility, which implies that no moral decision is intrinsically right or wrong. Deontological ethics or Kantian ethics is a normative ethical theory that j udges the morality of

Overview of Health and Self Imagine in Modern Society

Sit back and consider all the features you would like to change about yourself. Next, imagine yourself perfectly. Imagine that you look exactly the way you want to look, think of how confident and satisfied you would feel. Now, what’s stopping you from achieving these goals of personal perfection? Do they seem out of your reach? Flipping through the channels, one finds no sign of obesity or malnourished, until one happens upon a charity commercial featuring Sarah McLaughlin or a new episode of True Life: I Want the Perfect Body on MTV. As soon as the television is turned off, the vision of reality restores. Humans are huge! In the past we naturally lost weight and maintained a healthy lifestyle through manual labor and subsistence. Now the†¦show more content†¦First, let’s consider the effects of the media and public opinion. In the first few minutes of meeting someone new, a person assumes they know everything about the person, strictly based on aesthetics and body language; and the media capitalizes on this idea. Unfortunately humans have developed a naturalized understanding of the structure of beauty based on the media. They assume beauty equals health or that the â€Å"beauty† illustrated is natural. In the True Life: I want the perfect body episode, one of the interviewees, Rebecca, loves the way the women look in the fitness competition magazine. She goes to a competition and moves to become a contender. She failed to realize the rigorous training the women go through and the stress they put on their bodies. Eventually she injures her hamstring and has to sit out of a competition. To her, these women illustrate health. If other women were to ingest this idea of health it may yield many more injuries like Rebecca’s and her obsession with this performance of health. The Youtube video en titled â€Å"Fat Girl to Skinny Girl Photoshop† demonstrates how simply the media manipulates the bodies and minds of the public. In the video a picture is taken of a plus-size woman and put into editing software where the editor shapes the woman into the image suitable for public consumption—a skinny woman. This same project can be found thousands of times on Youtube. It’s obvious that people shape and manipulate theShow MoreRelatedMetaphors of Organizations1251 Words   |  6 PagesMetaphors of Organizations All theories of organization and management are based on implicit images or metaphors that persuade us to see, understand, and imagine situations in partial ways. Metaphors create insight. But they also distort. They have strengths. But they also have limitations. In creating ways of seeing, they create ways of not seeing. Hence there can be no single theory or metaphor that gives an all-purpose point of view. There can be no correct theory for structuring everythingRead MoreSchool Bullying and Violence1356 Words   |  5 Pagespower between individuals. It can be verbal harassment, physical assault, coercion, manipulation, ignoring, or even subtler acts. Usually, psychologists find, bullying is done to coerce others by fear or threat, and occurs more often than one would imagine in the early years of elementary school (Student Reports of Bullying,). There is a pervading assumption that bullying is a normal part of childhood and encompasses nothing more than minor harassment, more recent and long-term studies have foundRead MoreThe Prospect Of Human Genetic Engineering3067 Words   |  13 Pages2013 roughly 7.6 million people died of cancer, 1.5 million people died of AIDS, and another 70,000 of Cystic Fibrosis (â€Å"World Cancer Day†; â€Å"CF Foundation†). What do all these diseases have in common? Modern medicine has no guaranteed way of curing them. The fact of the matter is that we as a society don t know much about these, and some other life threatening diseases. As a result, more years of research need to be undergone in order develop unique drugs that may cure these, and other complex diseasesRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control2476 Words   |  10 PagesBeard, 2013, p.1691-1692). Gun rights activist believe that it is foolish to not be armed and ready to defend yourself and your family. Even the United Nations and other non-governmental organizations have declared that â€Å"there is no human right to self-defense or to the possessio n of defensive arms†, (Kopel, Gallant Eisen, 2014, p. 1-2). Every day serious crimes occur, sometimes involving the loss of life. More often than not, these crimes are perpetrated by convicted felons who have been grantedRead MoreNative Americans a Marginalized Population2911 Words   |  12 PagesNative Americans: A Marginalized Population Vicki Carter The University of Michigan-Flint Native Americans: A Marginalized Population Over the course of time in our country, many groups in our society have experienced being set apart from sustainable communities. Among them are the immigrants, the homeless, the African Americans, those with physical or mental disabilities and the Native Americans. According to McIntosh (1988), â€Å"Whites are taught to think of their lives as morally neutral, normativeRead MoreAssisted Reproductive Technology Essay2755 Words   |  12 Pagesfertilization). People using (ART) can create a family who is genetically related. Today technology makes life easier and creates a hopeful possibility. Although, this technology has changed the way we view reproduction, we have to be concerned about health issues, ethics, and law (Geneticsandsocitey, Galpern 2007) In the United States in 1995 there were 1.2 million women, which 2 percent of 60.2 million of women who had infertility medical problems. There were several causes for this medical problemRead MoreChildhood Obesity Vs. The Future4408 Words   |  18 Pagesadolescence can cause mental, social, physical, and health-related issue throughout their life span. How can society help minimize the rise of childhood obesity? Introduction If everyone believed that they were healthy and in shape those terms would have many interpretations. There are many notions of how much we should weigh by our own perception and guidelines put in place by experts within society. The issues that we are faced with in society have direct and indirect causes that could negativelyRead More Albert Einstein Essay example1766 Words   |  8 Pagesreally like. What was the personality of this man who was so incredibly smart? And if he really was that smart, why would he treat his hair and feet so poorly? This web page gives a bit of insight to the highly famed physicist. There is a basic overview of the his accomplished theories. Also, I provide a timeline of Einsteins life. His views and politics are a little less known, but what Im including here that is difficult to find at other web sources is Alberts personality. So, if you areRead MoreDebate Topics6648 Words   |  27 Pageshonest and sober-minded men, because they are all level to our comprehension, and reconcilable with well-known physiological and psychological principles. (James Braid, Hypnotic Therapeutics, 1853: 36) However, there is agreement that the origin of modern hypnosis is with the methods employed in Mesmerism. Whilst Braid differed in offering an explanation of hypnotitc effects that did not rely on supernatual forces, he credited the methods used in hypnosis to the practice of Mesmerism. Braid said ofRead More Comparing Adlerian Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Solution Focused Brief Therapy3619 Words   |  15 Pagescounseling theories, I have discovered that each theory is valid and there are ideas and techniques that I would use out of each of them. However, there are some theories more than others that I would use to guide me daily as a school counselor. Modern day counseling is equipped with a wide variety of therapies, techniques and approaches. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast three approaches of therapy. Also in this essay the views of the person and the Therapeutic process will be

Wild at Home Free Essays

Persuasive Speech Outline Topic: Exotic animals do not make good pets Specific Purpose: To convince the audience that even though the baby versions of wild animals are cute, they don’t stay that way forever. Therefore wild animals should not be pets. Central Idea: Wild animals should not be kept as pets, because it is bad for us as owners, bad for the animals themselves and even bad for the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Wild at Home or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction Attention Getter: Picture this, you are hiking in the woods and come across a baby bear. There is no sign of it mother and it looks hungry, what would you do? According to the center for veterinary health sciences: the emotional appeal baby animals have on humans will allow you to look past the dangers of the animal and take care of it, possibly even taking it home with you. But when you think about it, would taking home a wild animal be such a good? Topic Introduction: Today I will try to convince you that even though the baby versions of wild animals are cute, they don’t stay that way forever. Animals including: Lions, Tigers, Wolves, Bears, Reptiles and non-human primates do indeed grow up, and can possibly become dangerous, therefore should not be kept as pets. Relate the topic to your audience: I’m sure at one moment in your life, you have all wanted a wild animal as a pet. Relate the topic to you as a speaker: I know I did. When I was younger I wanted a baby panda. But, while doing my research for this speech I realize what a bad idea that would have been. If don’t believe me, by the end of this speech I will have hopefully convinced you that: Preview your main points: wild animals should not be kept as a pets, by first discussing why it is bad for the animals. Then why it is bad for the owner, and finally why it is bad to the environment in general. Transition Statement: Even though keeping wild animals as pets can be appealing, it is important to remember that keeping a wild animal as a pet is associated with many potential problems, not to mention legal and ethical issues. Also keeping wild animals as pets requires a great deal of research and preparation, as well as provision of ideal housing and diet as well as medical care (which may be very difficult to find). And if you cannot provide these necessities for the animal it can put the animal in danger. Which brings me to my first main point. Body I. Keeping a wild animal as a pet can be dangerous for the animal a. Most people can’t provide the right home for Wild animals i. Wild animals have complex behavioral, social, nutritional and psychological needs. Most people simply cannot meet the needs of wild animals kept as â€Å"pets†. – For Example: Many monkeys, birds, and wild cats, can all travel several miles in a single day. A walk on a leash through the park won’t cut it. Transition Statement: Exotic animals, by definition are not domesticated as well as unpredictable. Their behavior may change with seasons or life cycles in ways we don’t understand. They also rarely bond with their owners. Pet primates, big cats, and reptiles have attacked and seriously injured their owners. Which brings me to my next point, of why wild animals are also dangerous to their owners. II. Keeping a wild animal as a pet can also be dangerous to the owner a. You could get hurt. i. Keeping wild animals as pets can be dangerous. They can bite, scratch, attack their owners, and their owner’s children and guests. ii. According to livesceince. com there has been 1,610 incidents involving exotic pets and 75 deaths from 1990-2011. iii. Examples from thedailygreen. com: * In 2000 a three year old boy had his arm bitten off by his uncle’s â€Å"pet† tiger. b . You could get sick. i. As a dealer of exotic animals put it† If it walks, crawls, slithers, or flies, chances are we sell it here† This is also true with their diseases. ii. Wild animals carry diseases dangerous to humans. Some diseases are not curable and can be fatal. Diseases include rabies, distemper, herpes viruses, salmonella, polio, tuberculosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever and bubonic plague. Wild animals also harbor parasites, such as tape worms, flukes, and protozoa. iii. According to The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 90% of all reptiles carry and shed salmonella in their feces or some form of intestinal bacteria that can be transferred to their owners. Transition Statement: Now that you know some of the negative effects on the animal and the owner. I find it is also important to know how owning a wild animal is also dangerous to the environment. III. Having wild animals as pets also have a negative effect on the environment. a. Taking them from the wild can endanger the species. I. According to livehonestly. com: To meet the demands of those who keep exotic animals as pets, dealers often have to take the animals from their native lands. This disrupts the ecosystems from which they are stolen, and can disrupt the ecosystems to which they are taken if they escape or are set loose. II. According to the Association of Zoo and Aquariums: Parrots are the world’s most endangered family of birds due to devastation from the international pet trade. The enormous global demand for exotic pets is fueling the illegal capture and trade of millions of birds, mammals and reptiles annually, most of which die while being captured or transported. Transition Statement: On the PETA website, veterinarian and animal behaviorist says that â€Å"people who breed these animals and sell them as pets are playing Russian roulette. † Conclusion Link the conclusion to the introduction: Although wild animals, especially babies, appeal to our human emotions because they are so â€Å"cute†, as adults they can be very destructive and even dangerous to have around. Review the main points and reemphasize your central idea: without proper training you can cause harm to the animals as well as yourself and the environment. Specify desired audience response: if dogs or cats aren’t your thing there are plenty cool and unique animals that you could have as a pet. Memorable concluding statement: The main thing is to leave the wild animals to the professionals. But, if you feel the need to be surrounded by exotic animals there’s always the zoo, and it is so much safer that way. Works Cited Owning wild animals statistics. (2011). Retrieved from www. livescience. com The dangers of keeping wild animals. (2013). Retrieved from www. livehonestly. com Wild animal attacks. (2000). Retrieved from www. dailygreen. com Wild animal pets. (2012). Retrieved from www. aspca. org Wild at home. (2013). Retrieved from www. nationalgeographic. com Exotic pets. (2012). Retrieved from www. peta. org How to cite Wild at Home, Papers

Mission Statment free essay sample

A garage, for example, might limit its target region to the community while a magazine company might target an entire country. Values Mission statements typically include a statement of company values. Values such as customer service, efficiency and echo-consciousness often appear on lists of company values. At their best, company values should express principles the company explicitly tries to affirm In day-to-day operations. Technology For businesses that rely heavily on technology, the mission statement should Include a description of the essential technology the company does or plans to employ.If nothing else, this directs purchasing agents toward the appropriate vendors for goods and services. Employees Every company has a policy regarding its relationship with employees. A mission statement provides an opportunity to describe that policy in brief so employees know the essentials of where they stand. Strategic Positioning Effective mission statements also include a brief description of the businesss strategic position within the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Mission Statment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, the company might excel at serving residential clients and seek to maximize that strategic advantage. Financial Objectives For for-profit ventures, businesses require clear financial objectives. A start-up company might set one of Its financial objectives as making an Initial public offering of common stock within two years. This lets the employees and potential investors know the company intends to go public, with all of the legal and record keeping ramifications that entails. Image Like people, companies develop public images. Careful companies craft the public image they want to establish and lay out the major features of it in the mission statement.Products or Services 3. Markets 4. Technology 5. Concern for survival, growth and profitability 6. Philosophy 7. Self concept 8. Concern for public image 9. Concern for employees Here is a glimpse of what each of these elements states about in a mission statement . Customers In this element the organization mentions who are its customers or potential customers. What will it do to serve them and how will its customers find this organization different from the other organizations providing similar products or services in the market. . Products or Services In mission statement a business has to mention the producer or service or both they are providing. By defining products or services the company distinguishes its offered products or services from competitive products or services of similar nature provided by other competitors in the market. 3. Markets By defining markets, the company is declaring which types of customers it will target. Or who will be the intended audience for which it will produce products or services. Richest of the rich in the world. 4.Technology By defining technology, the company tells its current technology use in making of its products. It also tells about the unique ways in which its products or services are technologically more advanced then their alternates. 5. Concern for survival, growth and profitability In this element of the mission statement business defines the means it seeks to survive in the longer run. It not merely lists them out but also defines the logic behind them and how will the company strive to achieve them. 6. Philosophy Philosophy of a company is a much wider term to cover.By defining philosophy, the company defines its way of working, its culture, its beliefs and how it sees work to be carried out. It is also an analytical way of defining the norms on which it runs. 7. Self concept By defining the self concept, the business is telling its heart out to the world. In this the company shows the outside world, its core strengths and the place it sees itself in the future. 8. Concern for public image The buzz word is usually corporate social responsibility mixed with concern for public image.First of all these two terms are totally different and they can by no means be intermingled with each other. Corporate social responsibility points the ways in which the business wants to contribute towards the betterment of the society. Concern for public image is a much wider term and can include not only the corporate social responsibility but the overall impact of the actions taken by the company on its image. This may include from minor issues like installing manufacturing recycling plants by a company for pollution reduction to improve its snacking to enhance a better brand image for one of its top line brands. . Concern for employees Earlier day corporations didnt care much about their employees. Thankfully the trend has started shifting from no focus to a lot of concentration on working environment. In a mission statement a company also defines the ways in which it is beneficial for potential and currently working employees to work at a certain organization. This also includes the ways in which the company will treat its employees and how will it look towards this relation in a longer period of time. Wi

Annotated Reference List Example

Annotated Reference List Example Annotated Reference List – Article Example Annotated Reference List Bendeman, Hanneli. "Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the workplace - the South African experience". African Journal on Conflict Resolution 7, no. 1 (2007): 137-161The journal takes a look at how South Africa is embracing the path of Alternative Dispute Resolution. According to this journal, the way out is to continue exploring the possibility of all alternatives that can dispense justice to all. Labor courts are used for resolving serious issues like unfair dismissal, strikes, and discrimination at workplaces.Conflict Resolution Quarterly 31, no. 4: (2014): 357-386. The journal talks about the processes of resolving conflict at workplace. The processes have permeated many organizations in North America for the past thirty years. According to the author, arbitration and mediation processes were the first ones to be used in organizations. This article takes a look at the trends in workplace conflict management and the ADR education and proposes where the field should be in the coming years. Chambliss, Daniel F. and Russell K. Schutt. Making Sense of the Social World: Methods of Investigation. Los Angeles: Sage, 2003. The book is a student-friendly and engaging introduction to the social research for students. It gives a balanced coverage of qualitative and quantitative methods, providing substantive examples and some research techniques. It covers all essential elements of research methods, including causation, validity, and techniques of analysis. Cloke, K., and Goldsmith, J. Resolving Conflicts at Work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000. Cloke and Goldsmith state that every conflict at workplace produces an emotional response. However, most workplaces as well organizational cultures require the workers to check their emotions when they enter their workplace or leave the emotions at home. According to this book, workers can temporarily hold back their emotions, but they cannot eliminate them completely. Coates, Mary Lou, Gary T. Fu rlong, and Bryan M. Downie. Conflict management and dispute resolution systems in Canadian nonunionized organizations. Kingston, Ont: IRC Press, 1997. The purpose of this book is to develop a better understanding of the conflict management and dispute resolutions in the nonunionized workplaces in Canada. It tries to examine the role of conflict management and dispute resolution. It also takes a look at how employers are managing and resolving conflicts within their organizations.Colvin, Alexander J.S. "American workplace dispute resolution in the individual rights era". The International Journal of Human Resource Management 23, no. 3 (2012): 459-475. This article gives a theoretical conceptualization of the increase of alternative dispute resolution and the impact it has on the American employment relations in the individual rights era. It further examines the question of whether the new individual rights employment rights-based system has replaced the old one.Dickinson, David. Alte rnative dispute resolution. IZA World of Labor, (September 2014): 71. The article talks about the alternative dispute resolution procedures. It produces procedures such as mediation and arbitration as the best ways of resolving contract, wage, and grievance disputes. However, the procedures lead to changing levels of success and acceptability of the results depending on their design.References Bendeman, Hanneli. "Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the workplace - the South African experience". African Journal on Conflict Resolution 7, no. 1 (2007): 137-161.Conflict Resolution Quarterly 31, no. 4: (2014): 357-386. Chambliss, Daniel F. and Russell K. Schutt. Making Sense of the Social World: Methods of Investigation. Los Angeles: Sage, 2003. Cloke, K., and Goldsmith, J. Resolving Conflicts at Work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000.Coates, Mary Lou, Gary T. Furlong, and Bryan M. Downie. Conflict management and dispute resolution systems in Canadian nonunionized organizations. King ston, Ont: IRC Press, 1997. Colvin, Alexander J.S. "American workplace dispute resolution in the individual rights era". The International Journal of Human Resource Management 23, no. 3 (2012): 459-475.Dickinson, David. Alternative dispute resolution. IZA World of Labor, (September 2014): 71.

Business marketing

Business marketing "Everything is worth what its purchaser will pay for it." This phrase was said many centuries ago and is still worth today. Any time customer, in fact these customers whose costs are driven by what they purchase, increasingly look to purchasing as a way to increase profits and thus pressure suppliers to reduce prices. A good example beside the one in the article is when you are going to buy a car and you start searching about what car dealer is the best for you to buy yours. How can you decide which of the dealers it's the best for you, it is a good question. A growing number of suppliers have created a customer value models, that is no more than data-driven representations, of the worth in monetary terms, of what the suppliers are going to could do for its customers.I have been talking about values, but what they are and what values are in business is what I'm going to explain right now.Customers are Ignoring YouIn business market values are the worth in monetary form of the technic al, economic, service and social benefits any customer receives in exchange for the price it pays for a market offering. An example of value in monetary term is dollars per unit, guilders per liter, or kroner per hour. On the other hand, benefits are no more than in which any costs a customer incurs in obtaining the desire benefits, except for purchase price, are included. And finally value is what a customer gets in exchange for the price it pays. In fact, value is one of the two elemental characteristics of marketing offer; the other one is price.Field value assessments that is the most commonly and accurate method used to build customer value models. This value is used to...

The US Cyberspace - Emerging Threats Research Paper

The US Cyberspace - Emerging Threats - Research Paper Example The American government altered the way it dealt with the business and financial activities. American government realized that the design of cybersecurity plays the main part and it must be efficient enough to protect a country’s information. Cyberspace must be defended by implementing the latest security standards and technologies which offer comprehensive protection.    The nations that oppose America have started targeting their systems by means of cyber threats and attacks. They aim at attacking the security system by creating threats that result in problems like system crash and data loss.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   This, in turn, affects the country’s growth and eventually leads to various other problems. The American government and private organizations work together to protect the communication systems. The nature of these attacks must be analyzed so that the executives can rectify the problem by utilizing the required software.   Ã‚   Though the government implements critical systems, that cannot be easily attacked, there are certain features which even those critical systems lack. The technological development has created both a negative and positive impact on these security systems. The flaws in these systems make it easy for the intruders to attack them.   Cyberspace is a dynamic environment where changes take place every now and then. Hence the security system must be updated regularly to work well with these new inventions. Else it would become a tough task for the security systems to deal with various threats. The objective of a security system does not end with protecting the government and its related operations. Instead, it concentrates on the entire country’s safety and security. Hence these systems must be efficient enough to handle any type of threat and attack. Unauthorized access of the data and intruding into a system has become a common task. There are people who are professionally trained to intrude into such security systems. The systems that control the government and its related activities are the most targeted ones.

Health and saftey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health and saftey - Essay Example The workers in the farm shall also be seriously exposed to danger if the cracks in the chamber will not be secured. The cattles and sheeps which are positioned in the field will also be endangered once the chamber totally breaks or explodes. The people who will be passing the road near the chamber, which has a distance of 1 mile from the main road, can also be seriously affected by the faulty sewer system. 3. Evaluation of Risks: Since there is a high risk or probability that the condition of the cracks will worsen any time soon, it is deemed best that the appropriate measures should be taken to seal the cracks of the main junction chamber by applying a sealant. In the event that no action is taken to seal the existing cracks in the walls of the chamber, it is expected that the condition of the chamber which can lead to its total breakdown. 4. Implementation: Since sealant fumes are known to cause drowsiness and are known to be heavier than air, toxic and highly inflammable, it is re commended that all persons working in the farm, even the farm animals should be taken to a safer place while repair of the main junction chamber is on-going. ... The application of the sealant must be done immediately in order to prevent the build-up of cracks to worsen. However, this is only a temporary solution. It is highly recommended that a total replacement of the main junction chamber should be implemented so that the solution is long-term. The goal of this precautionary measure is to foster a safe working environment for the workers and shall serve as a protection for the whole community, including the animals, living within the vicinity where the chamber is situated. Establishing a risk assessment plan will result to controlled risks. â€Å"Workers and others have a right to be protected from harm caused by a failure to take reasonable control measures. Accidents and ill health can ruin lives and affect your business if output is lost, machinery is damaged, insurance costs increase or you have to go to court†. Details on risk assessment can be found at the Health and Safety Executive website which can be viewed at . Operation 2 1. Hazards: The maintenance of the grass verge, trees and hedgerows which is adjacent to the highway and within the vicinity of a junior school, should be done regularly as the local police suspects that drug traders have been operating in the area and can be hide-out for criminal activities. 2. Who may be harmed: The students who go to the school within the vicinity can be the potential victims if the grass, trees and hedgerows are not well-kept. The gardener who is tasked to do the clearing and maintenance operation is also seriously at risk since he is the only person tasked to complete the job. He can be exposed to danger if during the operation, he is attacked by a group of drug

Critical evaluation of Emerging NMS and Analysis Research Paper

Critical evaluation of Emerging NMS and Analysis - Research Paper Example Fault Management is the first element of FACPS. In order to manage faults, it is essential to detect it, log it and notify the concerned users. It is also necessary that the best possible ways are used to automatically fix the network faults in such a way that the network continues to run effectively. Network faults degrade network and cause downtime and therefore it is an important element that is implemented most widely in all networks (Network dictionary, n.d.) Configuration Management is the second element of FCAPS. It is the act of monitoring configuration information of the network and system. The aim of this is to track and manage effects of network operations on different hardware and software versions (Network dictionary n.d.) Accounting Management is the third element of FCAPS. It is the act of measuring the extent of network utilization by individuals and groups. All the activities of network users are measured on the basis of individuals and groups. The aim of this is to regulate the usage of network and bill the users according to their usage (Network dictionary n.d.) Performance Management is the fourth element of FCAPS. It is the act of measuring performance of network based on various aspects such as consistency, rates of faults and utilization. It also requires collection and analysis of network performance data such as throughput, latency, delay and jitter. The aim of this is to optimize the network performance; that is to keep the network effective and efficient (Network dictionary n.d.) Security Management is the fifth element of FCAPS. It is the act of controlling access and usage of network resources through the process of authentication, verification and assignments of rights based on privileges, positions and needs of the users. The aim is to prevent any sabotage or unauthorised access of private and sensitive information

Outline of the clinical characteristics of depression

Outline of the clinical characteristics of depression The formal diagnosis of major depression requires five of the following symptoms and evidence of serious distress or failure to function in everyday life. The following symptoms must be present for most of the time over a minimum period of two weeks. Symptoms of depression Sad depressed mood and feeling or behaving sad and empty Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities Difficulty in sleeping ( insomnia or hypersomnia ) Lethargic or agitated Appetite ( loss so weight loss or increased so weight gain ) Loss of energy or great fatigue Negative self concept feeling of worthlessness and guilt. Difficulty in concentrating ( slowed thinking or indecisiveness ) Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Give two or more psychological causes of depression Cognitive Views about the worldPsychologist Aaron Beck suggested depression is the result of negative thinking and catastrophising which he called cognitive errors. (Beck 1991) maintained there are three components to depression which he called the cognitive triad. The cognitive triad. Views about oneself Views about the future As the cognitive triad components interact they interfere with normal cognitive processing which then leads to impairments in perception, memory and problem solving, the person then becomes obsessed with negative thoughts. In addition to the cognitive triad beck believed that depression prone individuals develop a negative self schema which means they possess a set of beliefs and expectations about themselves that are negative and pessimistic, which leads on to feeling and symptoms of depression. Negative self schemas can be acquired in childhood as a result of a traumatic event such as the death of a parent or sibling, parental rejection, bulling at home or school for example. People with negative self schemas become prone to making logical errors in their thinking and they tend to focus selectively on certain aspects of a situation while ignoring equally relevant information this is called cognitive distortions. An example of a cognitive distortion is someone believing that someone is whispering about them and they automatically assume it must be bad, ignoring the fact they could be whispering something good. Cognitive distortions include the following Arbitrary interference: drawing conclusions on the basis of sufficient or irrelevant evidence for example thinking you are worthless because a show you were going too was cancelled. Selective abstraction : focusing on a single aspect of a situation and ignoring others for example you feel responsible for your netball team losing a game even though your just one player on the team. Over generalisation: making a sweeping conclusion on the basis of a single event. Failing an exam, this means you will fail all exams and that you are stupid. Magnification and minimisation: exaggerating or underplaying the significant of an event for example you scratch the paint work on your car and therefore see yourself as a terrible driver. Personalisation: This is attributing the negative feelings of others to yourself for example your friend enters the room looking upset; you believe you must have upset her. Beck also suggested that that there individual differences that determine the type of event that can trigger depression for example sociotrapic personalities base their self esteem on the approval of others where as an autonomous person would react badly to their independence being challenged. The cognitive theory is one of the most influential models that explain negative thought processes. It explains that our emotional reaction seems to come from how we interpret and predict the world around us. The main problem with the cognitive approach to depression is that the theory is correlational, and that the argument is a circular one. Does depression cause negative thinking, or does negative thinking cause depression? Also it is a theory which is hard to test and research people seeking help for depression already have negative emotions and so it is not possible to access their cognitive process prior to the onset of the disorder. Secondly when participants are tested in research they are often already on drugs to manage the depression which could affect the result of the study. Finally thoughts are subjective experiences that are hard to test and measure which make proving the theory extremely difficult. A positive of the cognitive approach to depression is that it has many useful applications and has contributed to our understanding of human phenomenon and it has integrated well with other approaches. The psychodynamic explanation of the causes of depression The psychodynamic approach to understanding depression focuses on how the unconscious motives drive our behaviours and experiences. Freud explanation of depression lies in the early relationships with are parents, he noted that there is a similarity between grieving for a loved one and the symptoms of depression. Freud described depression as an excessive and irrational grief which occurs as a reaction to a loss, this loss evokes feelings associated with real or imagined affection from the person on whom the person was most dependants as a child. Both actual and symbolic losses lead us to re experience parts of our childhood, thus people with depression become clingy, dependant and can even regress to a child like state. Evaluate psychodynamic therapy in the treatment of depression In support of the psychodynamic theory people with depression do show dependant like behaviours as they often feel that they cannot manage everyday activities and rely heavily on others. In support of Freud theory on depression and understanding depression from the psychodynamic approach is Harlows research on privation conducted on rhesus monkeys separated from their mothers at birth, using surrogate mothers, a wire mother and a cloth mother he demonstrated that a mothers love was essential for a persons mental health. The experiment showed that infant monkeys separated from their mothers displayed signs of depression. In support of the psychodynamic approach to depression and frauds theories this approach is idiographic and so focuses on the individual. This means that the individuals problems are taken into account and they are not just diagnosed on the bias of others. A negative point on the psychodynamic theory is there is little experimental evidence for Frauds theories as most of his work was based upon case studies, this makes the approach highly subjective and un-testable as his finding were often biased to fit his theories, second to this frauds theory is often characterised as unscientific as it is difficult to observe and measure concepts such as actual and symbolic losses and regression. Also the case studies used to test Freuds psychodynamic theory were mainly middle aged, upper class, Austrian women. This means that his findings cannot be generalised to the wider population. This is also a problem as he developed his ideas on childhood from adults talking retrospectively of their pasts which is a problem because people recall information differently and memory and feelings fade. The ethical implications of psychodynamic therapy Directive therapy- due to the unconscious cause of the psychological problems and the resistance patients put up to the unconscious truths, the patient must trust the therapists interpretation and instructions. However psychoanalysis does occur under voluntary conditions. Psychoanalysis can be quite anxiety provoking as it can reveal disturbing repressed experiences. It is a humane form of treatment as it does not blame or judge the patient, who is not responsible for their problems. Outline the clinical characteristics of schizophrenia There are positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia Positive symptoms are things additional to expected behaviour and include delusions, hallucinations, agitation and talkativeness. Negative symptoms which are things missing from expected behaviour, negative symptoms include a lack of motivation , social withdrawal , flattened affect, cognitive disturbances, poor personal hygiene and poor speech. Other characteristics of schizophrenia include- Auditory or visual hallucinations Flat emotions Delusions Disorganised speech Catatonic or disorganised behaviour Give two or more psychological explanations of schizophrenia Cognitive explanation for schizophrenia Cognitive explanations for schizophrenia acknowledge the role of biological factors such as genetic causes and a change of brain activity for the cause of initial sensory experiences of schizophrenia. However further features of the disorder appear as the individual attempts to understand them. The cognitive approach also suggests that schizophrenia is characterised by profound thought disturbance, this could be down to cognitive defects which can impair areas such as perception and memory. This could form cognitive biases and explain misconceptions and the way schizophrenia sufferers interpret there world. Schizophrenics normally first discover symptoms of voices and abnormal sensory experiences , this normally leads them to a friend or family member to confirm the experience when the experience is not confirmed this can lead to rejection of support. This leads to a belief that people around them are hiding the truth and the person with schizophrenia believes they are being manipula ted and persecuted. This shows the basis of schizophrenia is biology based however other symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions are formed after the failure to not except there reality these of which are cognitive. In support of the cognitive approach to schizophrenia Firth (1979) proposes that disruption to an attention filter mechanism could result in the thought disturbances of schizophrenia, as the sufferer is overloaded with sensory information. Studies on continuous performance and eye tracking tasks indicate schizophrenics do show more attentional problems than non schizophrenics. This means that perhaps reduced short term memory capacity could account for some schizophrenics cognitive distractibility. Hemsley (1993) suggested schizophrenics cannot distinguish between information that is already stored and new incoming information. As a result, schizophrenics are subject to sensory overload and do not know which aspect of a situation to attended to and which to ignore. One strength of the cognitive explanation when describing schizophrenia is that there is further support for this theory provided by Myer-Lindenberg ( 2002) they found a link between poor working memory ( which is typical of schizophrenics ) and reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore Schielke (2002) studied a patient who developed continuous auditory hallucinations as a consequence of an abscess in the dorsal pons. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for the link between biological and cognitive factors causing schizophrenia. A second strength of the cognitive explanation of schizophrenia is that it takes on board the nurture approach to the development of schizophrenia. For example it suggests that schizophrenic behaviour is the cause of environmental factors such as cognitive factors. A weakness of the cognitive explanation is that there are problems with cause and effect. Cognitive approaches do not explain the causes of cognitive defects -where they come from in the first place. Is it the cognitive defects which cause schizophrenia behaviour or is it the schizophrenia that causes cognitive defects. A second weakness of the cognitive model is that it is reductionist the approach does not consider other factors such as genes. This suggests that the cognitive approach over simplifies the explanation of schizophrenia. The behavioural explanation of schizophrenia. The behavioural explanation suggests that schizophrenia is a consequence of faulty learning children who do not receive small amounts of reinforcement early in their lives will put larger attention into irrelevant environmental cues, for example: Taking attention to the sound of a word rather than its actual meaning. This behaviour will eventually appear weird or strange to others so will generally be avoided. Strange behaviours may be rewarded by attention and sympathy and so they are reinforced. This can continue until the behaviour becomes so strange that the person is then labelled as schizophrenic. Eventually the behaviour and psychological state deteriorates into a psychotic state. Evaluate cognitive behavioural therapies in the treatment of schizophrenia in terms of its strengths and weaknesses. The misinterpretation of events in the world is common in schizophrenia. Using cognitive therapy with schizophrenia requires the psychologist to accept that the cognitive distortions and disorganized thinking of schizophrenia are produced, at least in part, by a biological problem that will not cease simply because the correct interpretation of reality is explained to the client. Cognitive therapy can only be successful if the psychologist accepts the clients perception of reality, and determines how to use this misperception to assist the client in correctly managing life problems.   The goal is to help the client use information from the world (other people, perceptions of events, etc.) to make adaptive coping decisions. The treatment goal, for the cognitive therapist, is not to cure schizophrenia, but to improve the clients ability to manage life problems, to function independently, and to be free of extreme distress and other psychological symptoms. Advantages It directly challenges the problem and attempts a cure of the under lying symptoms. It gives the person some control over their own illness. Research has shown cognitive behavioural therapy can be as effective as medication Due to its highly structured nature cognitive behavioural therapy can be provided in a number of formats such as soft ware and self help books. Disadvantages In order to benefit from cognitive behavioural therapy you need to ensure you give a considerable amount of commitment which people with schizophrenia can lack. It could be argued that because cognitive behavioural therapy only addresses current problems it does not address underlying causes of the condition. Discuss the ethics of cognitive behavioural therapy Directive therapy due to the environmental determinism of behavioural problems, patients need to be re programmed with adaptive behaviour. Stressful can be painful and disturbing e.g. flooding and aversion therapy Humane specific maladaptive behaviours are targeted the whole person is not labelled. Outline the characteristics of anorexia Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. Intense fear of gaining weight Disturbance in the way in which ones body weight or shape is experienced, denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. Absents of three consecutive periods. Socially withdrawn Refusal to eat despite hunger Give two or more psychological explanations of eating disorders Cognitive explanation of anorexia Cognitive psychologist has suggested that irrational attitudes and beliefs and distorted perception are involved in eating disorders. These beliefs normally concern unrealistic ideals or perception of body shape or irrational attitudes towards eating habits and dieting. For example: the disinhibition hypothesis once a diet has been broken one might as well break it completely by bingeing. Cognitive researchers have also proposed that suffers of anorexia are seeking to assert control over their life to an excessive idealistic extent. Bemis- Vitousek and Orimoto (1993) pointed out the kind of faulty cognitions that are typical in people with anorexia. For example: a common cognition is that dieting is a means of self control, but at the same time most people with anorexia are aware they are out of control because they cant stop dieting, even when it is threatening there life. These are faulty cognitions and maladaptive ways of thinking. The main problem with the cognitive explanation is that the theory is correlational and the argument is a circular one does negative thinking cause the eating disorder or does the eating disorder cause the negative thinking. Secondly the thoughts that are related to having an eating disorder are subjective experiences that are hard to test and measure, Also people seeking help for an eating disorder are already have negative emotions so it is not possible to test their cognitive processes prior to the onset of the disorder. Psychodynamic explanation of anorexia One view of the psychodynamic model of anorexia proposes that anorexia reflects an unconscious desire by a girl to stay pre-pubescent. Over dependence on parents may result in the adolescent fearing sexual maturity and independence. Bruch (1974) regarded anorectics as being in a struggle for control and their own identity, the pursuit of thinness was seen as a critical part of such a struggle. Bruch considered that there were two main characteristics of parents that made the development of anorexia more likely in their children. Firstly an over concern with food and secondly family relationships that did not assist the child in developing their own sense of identity particularly important was considered to be girls feeling that their needs were secondary to their mothers. The psychodynamic approach in relation to eating disorders is idiographic and so it focuses on the individual. This means the individuals problems are taken into account and they are not just diagnosed on the basis of others. There is little evidence for Freuds theories on eating disorders it is all based on feeling rather than hard evidence. All his case studies were a mainly middle aged, Austrian woman which means his findings cannot be generalised to the wider population. However Freuds idea that the anorexics refusal to eat was an unconscious denial of the adult role and they wished to remain a child. The timing of onset in anorexia and the loss of menstruation supports this idea. Evaluate behavioural therapy in the treatment of eating disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common type of treatment for eating disorders. This branch of psychotherapy aims to help break large problems or situations into smaller more manageable parts and treats eating disorders in this same way. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a branch of psychotherapy that is based on the idea that all thoughts (cognition) and actions (behaviors) are related. This may not always be clear, so CBT aims to help individuals break down problems or situations into more manageable parts and examine the ways in which thoughts, emotions and actions were related in each other. Cognitive behavioral therapy allows individuals to examine the relationships between their thoughts, feelings and actions and in doing so allows individuals to understand that if they change the way that they think and feel, they will change the way that they act. For individuals suffering from eating disorders, understanding the relationships between thoughts, emotions and actions is highly important. Once these relationships are understood, the individual suffering from an eating disorder can replace the negative thoughts and emotions which have led to abnormal food and eating behaviors and with more positive thoughts and emotions that will lead back towards a healthy lifestyle. However, in order for these relationships to be clear, it may take several weeks of tracking tho ughts, feelings and food and eating behaviors before the individual will accept this proof. Often therapists will ask individuals to keep a journal or food diary in order to more accurately record their thoughts, feelings and actions towards food and eating during a given period of time. Discuss the ethics of behavioural therapy Behavioural therapy can induce a high level of anxiety which could be considered unethical Directive therapy due to the environmental determinism of behavioural problems; patients need to be re programmed with adaptive behaviour. Stressful can be painful and disturbing e.g. flooding and aversion therapy Humane specific maladaptive behaviours are targeted the whole person is not labelled.

War and Memory in Irene Zabytko?s ?Home Soil?, Bruce Weigl?s ?Song of N

Bullets flying through the air right over me, my knees are shaking, and my feet are numb. I see familiar faces all around me dodging the explosives illuminating the air like lightning. Unfortunately, numerous familiar faces seem to disappear into the trenches. I try to run from the noise, but my mind keeps causing me to re-illustrate the painful memories left behind. The three narratives â€Å"Home Soil† by Irene Zabytko, â€Å"Song of Napalm† by Bruce Weigl, and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen all have the same feelings of war and memory, although not everyone experiences the same war. Zabytko, Weigl, and Owen used shifting beats, dramatic descriptions, and intense, painful images, to convince us that the horror of war far outweighs the devoted awareness of those who fantasize war and the memories that support it. In the story â€Å"Home Soil† by Irene Zabytko, the reader is enlightened about a boy who was mentally and emotionally drained from the horrifying experiences of war. The father in the story knows exactly what the boy is going through, but he cannot help him, because everyone encounters his or her own recollection of war. â€Å"When their faces are contorted from sucking the cigarette, there is an unmistakable shadow of vulnerability and fear of living. That gesture and stance are more eloquent than the blood and guts war stories men spew over their beers† (Zabytko 492). The father, as a young man, was forced to reenact some of the same obligations, yet the father has learne...